Chapter 10 Notes

Here are some notes for section 10.2 and 10.3

Temperature – The average speed of the particles in a substance (we use a thermometer to take the temperature)

Heat – Is the thermal energy transferred from an area of higher temperature to lower temperature

Thermal Energy – This is the total energy of moving particles in a solid, liquid, or gas (requires measurement of mass and speed of particles)

Conduction

·        The transfer of heat through a solid or between a solid and another solid, a liquid, or a gas that is in contact with it

·        Conduction can also occur from liquid to solid and gas to solid.

·        Conduction always occurs from a warmer region to a cooler region.

·        Conduction occurs when warmer particles bump into cooler particles making them vibrate faster.

·        Metals are better heat conductors than non-metals because free electrons carry heat quickly through the material.

Convection

·        Convection - The transfer of thermal energy by moving particles in fluids

·        As the particles of fluids (gases and liquids) are heated, they move faster and expand; this expansion makes the fluids less dense so they rise

·        When warmer fluids rise, cooler fluids move downwards; this creates a “convection current”

·        The convection current continues in a pot of soup because the warmer soup particles in a pot cool when they make contact with the air and then sink. These particles are heated again once they meet the bottom of the pot.

·        Convection currents help heat your home through your furnace heating system.

Radiation

·        Radiant energy is the transfer of energy by invisible waves given off by the energy source

·        These invisible waves are called infrared waves (a type of electromagnetic wave from the sun)

·        Infrared waves are given off by all heat sources, including you

·        Heat is radiant energy from the sun that reaches your skin

·        Radiant energy warms up objects when the waves of radiant energy come into contact with matter making the particles vibrate faster

                                                                                                    

Answers to Conduction and Radiation Worksheets

Answers to Conduction Worksheet

1. On a cold winter day, why would an iron post in a park feel much colder to the touch than a wooden bench?

Iron is a better heat conductor than wood. The iron will conduct the heat away from your hand faster than wood; this makes your hand feel colder when you touch iron

2. Potatoes cook from the outside in.

a)     Why does a small potato cook faster than a large potato?

Smaller potatoes have fewer particles, so heat takes less time to reach the centre.

b)    Why does sticking a metal skewer through the middle of a potato make it cook faster?

Heat will be conducted through the skewer into the centre of the potato and it will cook from the inside out.

Answers to Radiation Worksheet

1) Radiation waves are absorbed by the person in front of you so you do not feel the heat.

2) White clothing reflects infrared radiation and black clothing will absorb this radiation.

3) The shiny suits will reflect the strong heat radiation from the sun so the astronauts do not overheat.

4) Insulation is a poor heat conductor and it contains glass pieces to reflect heat back into your home.

5) In summer, heat is reflected out into the environment and in winter, heat is reflected back into your home.

Thermal Energy Transfer Videos Viewed in Class

Answers to the Expansion and Contraction Worksheets

 Solids Expanding and Contracting in our Daily Lives

1. Why is it important to place gaps at regular intervals in sidewalks?

In the summer the sidewalk expands and in the winter it contracts. The gaps allow space for the expansion and contraction so the sidewalk doesn’t crack.

3. Concrete and steel expand at almost the same rate. Explain why this is important in the construction of tall buildings.

If they did not expand and contract at the same rate, there would be many cracks in the building and it might fall down.

Gases Expanding and Contracting in our Daily Lives

1. Explain how a hot air balloon is lifted from the ground.

When the gas particles inside the hot air balloon are heated, they expand and some escape from the bottom of the balloon. This causes there to be fewer air particles inside the balloon then outside the balloon. The less dense hot air will float on more dense cold air so the balloon rises.

c) Once in the air, the burner is turned off and the balloon drifts along with the wind. What will eventually happen to the air inside the balloon?

Cooler air will enter the balloon and the air inside will become more dense. The balloon will begin to go down.

Liquids Expanding and Contracting in our Daily Lives

1. A bowl of hot soup was left on the table to cool. After a few minutes, the amount of soup in the bowl appeared to have decreased? Why?

The soup may have cooled down and there seems to be less soup because the particles become closer together (contract) and become denser.

2. When manufacturers pack liquids into bottles and jars, they leave a small space at the top before putting on the lids. Why?

The space allows for the liquid to expand without causing the bottle to break.

3. Mercury expands and contracts faster than alcohol. Which liquids would be better in a thermometer?

Mercury will tell the temperature faster, but it will also contract faster so it will drop more quickly making it harder to read the temperature. Also, mercury is poisonous!

Hot Air Balloon Video Viewed in Class

Eureka Videos Viewed in Class

Chapter 8 Test Study Guide

Chapter 8 Test Study Guide

Chapter 8 Key Terms

□   alloy
□   concentrated solution
□   concentration
□   dilute solution
□   insoluble
□   saturated solution
□   saturation point
□   solubility
□   solute
□   solvent
□   supersaturated solution
□   unsaturated solution

□   universal solvent

□   rate of dissolving

Separation Methods

□   filtration

□   magnetism

□   evaporation
□   flotation
□   distillation
□   paper chromatography
□   sifting
□   settling

□   sorting

□   separation funnel

□   picking out with tongs

Areas to Review

1. What factors affect the rate of dissolving? How do these factors affect the rate of dissolving?
2. How can a solution be made more concentrated or less concentrated?
3. What are the 2 different meanings of the term “solubility”? (There is a qualitative and quantitative definition)
4. Calculate the concentration of of a solution in grams/100 mL and describe it as a concentrated or dilute solution
5. Complete the check and reflect questions in Chapter 8. They will be taken up in class.

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